National Politics:NSA Surveillance

This is a collection of news articles and commentary on the NSA warrantless surveillance, the MAINWAY NSA call database, the PRISM surveillance program and revelations made public by Bradley Manning, Edward Snowden and other people who shared classified intelligence material.

Data Sources

Newspapers

• www.washingtonpost.com - The Washington Post (requires subscription)
• www.nytimes.com - The New York Times (requires paid subscription)

News aggregation

• www.realclearpolitics.com - Real Clear Politics

Announcement mailing lists and blogs

• pfir.org, People For Internet Responsibility list run by Lauren Weinstein. Here is Lauren's blog: lauren.vortex.com.
• Skating on Stilts - Stewart Baker's blog.
• The Long War Journal

News

Oct 2013

• New York Times: Spying Known at Top Levels, Officials Say, by Mark Landler and Michael Schmidt (Oct 29, 2013)
• Washington Post: NSA chief denies collecting millions of phone records on European citizens, by Ellen Nakashima (Oct 29, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Head Says European Data Was Collected by Allies, by Michael S. Schmidt (Oct 28, 2013)
• Washington Post: AP source: US considering ending spying on allied heads of state, by the Associated Press (Oct 28, 2013)
• New York Times: Obama May Ban Spying on Heads of Allied States, by Mark Landler and David E. Sanger (Oct 28, 2013)
• The Guardian: Dianne Feinstein: 'I am totally opposed' to NSA surveillance of US allies, by Paul Lewis and Spencer Ackerman (Oct 28, 2013)
• Ars Technica: NSA tapped phones of 35 world leaders without Obama’s knowledge, by Jon Brodkin (Oct 28, 2013)
• New York Times: Spain Summons U.S. Ambassador in Spying Scandal, by Raphael Minder (Oct 28, 2013)
• Washington Post: How the feds won a key warrantless wiretapping ruling by misleading the Supreme Court, by Andrea Peterson (Oct 28, 2013)
• The Guardian: Spain summons US ambassador over claim NSA tracked 60m calls a month, by Paul Hamilos (Oct 28, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA denies discussing Merkel phone surveillance with Obama, by Paul Lewis and Philip Oltermann (Oct 27, 2013)
• Washington Post: Merkel may have been monitored by U.S. since 2002, magazine reports, by Michael Birnbaum (Oct 27, 2013)
• New York Times: Data Suggests Push to Spy on Merkel Dates to ’02, by Alison Smale, Melissa Eddy and David E. Sanger (Oct 27, 2013)
• Der Spiegel: Embassy Espionage: The NSA's Secret Spy Hub in Berlin, by Spiegel Staff (Oct 27, 2013)
• New York Times: Germany and France Propose Talks With U.S. to Rein In Spying, by James Kanter and Alan Cowell (Oct 25, 2013)
• The Guardian: Leaked memos reveal GCHQ efforts to keep mass surveillance secret, by James Ball (Oct 25, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Snowden rebuts Feinstein’s statement that NSA spying “is not surveillance”, by Cyrus Farivar (Oct 24, 2013)
• CNN: Europe falls out of love with Obama over NSA spying claims, by Tim Lister (Oct 24, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA monitored calls of 35 world leaders after US official handed over contacts, by James Ball (Oct 24, 2013)
• New York Times: Allies’ Anger Rising Over Reports of U.S. Surveillance, by Alison Smale (Oct 24, 2013)
• New York Times: U.S. Intelligence Official Disputes Spying Report in French Newspaper, by Dan Bilefsky (Oct 23, 2013)
• New York Times: New Report of N.S.A. Spying Angers France, by Alissa J. Rubin (Oct 21, 2013)
• Ars Technica: The top 5 things we’ve learned about the NSA thanks to Edward Snowden, by Cyrus Farivar (Oct 18, 2013)
• Ars Technica: ACLU sues feds for hiding NSA spying from terror defendants, by David Kravets (Oct 17, 2013)
• New York Times: Snowden Says He Took No Secret Files to Russia, by James Risen (Oct 17, 2013)
• New York Times: Door May Open for Challenge to Secret Wiretaps, by Charlie Savage (Oct 16, 2013)
• New York Times: C.I.A. Disputes Early Suspicions on Snowden, by Eric Schmitt (Oct 11, 2013)
• New York Times: C.I.A. Warning on Snowden in ’09 Said to Slip Through the Cracks, by Eric Schmitt (Oct 10, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA reforms threatened by 'business-as-usual brigade', Ron Wyden warns, by Stuart Millar and Spencer Ackerman (Oct 9, 2013)
• The Guardian: Brazil accuses Canada of spying after NSA leaks, by the Associated Press (Oct 8, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Meltdowns at NSA spy data center destroy equipment, delay opening, by Jon Brodkin (Oct 8, 2013)
• Ars Technica: German NSA has deal to tap ISPs at major Internet Exchange, by Cyrus Farivar (Oct 7, 2013)
• The Guardian: Russia to monitor 'all communications' at Winter Olympics in Sochi, by Shaun Walker (Oct 6, 2013)
• The Atlantic: How the NSA Thinks About Secrecy and Risk, by Bruce Schneier (Oct 4, 2013)
• The Guardian: The NSA debate is as much about journalism as surveillance, by Glenn Greenwald (Oct 4, 2013)
• The Guardian: German intelligence service is as bad as the NSA, by Kai Biermann (Oct 4, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA and GCHQ target Tor network that protects anonymity of web users, by James Ball, Bruce Schneier and Glenn Greenwald (Oct 4, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Key Senator wants to ban bulk surveillance, leading to Democratic showdown, by Joe Mullin (Oct 3, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Ex-NSA chief jokes about putting Snowden on a hit list, advocates “targeted killings”, by Cyrus Farivar (Oct 3, 2013)
• Ars Technica: European organizations file lawsuit against UK over vast digital surveillance (Oct 3, 2013)
• The Guardian: Lavabit founder refused FBI order to hand over email encryption keys, by Dominic Rushe (Oct 3, 2013)
• Boston Globe: NSA chief admits testing US cellphone tracking, by Kimberly Dozier and Stephen Braun, Associated Press (Oct 3, 2013)
• Los Angeles Times: NSA says it considered collecting phone call location data , by Ken Dilanian (Oct 2, 2013)

Sept 2013

• The Guardian: NSA stores metadata of millions of web users for up to a year, secret files show, by James Ball (Sept 30, 2013)
• CNN: NSA mines Facebook for connections, including Americans' profiles, by David Simpson and Pamela Brown (Sept 30, 2013)
• Ars Technica: US government given December deadline to unseal more NSA documents, by Nathan Mattise (Sept 29, 2013)
• New York Times: Qaeda Plot Leak Has Undermined U.S. Intelligence, by Eric Schmitt and Michael S. Schmidt (Sept 29, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Bypassing oversight, NSA collects details on American connections, by Megan Geuss (Sept 28, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Gathers Data on Social Connections of U.S. Citizens, by James Risen and Laura Poitras (Sept 28, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA employee spied on nine women without detection, internal file shows, by Paul Lewis (Sept 27, 2013)
• The Hill: Shutdown unlikely to stop NSA spying, by Brendan Sasso (Sept 26, 2013)
• The Guardian: US intelligence chiefs urge Congress to preserve surveillance programs, by Paul Lewis and Dan Roberts (Sept 26, 2013)
• The Guardian: Declassified NSA files show agency spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK, by Ed Pilkington (Sept 26, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA reform: how the key Senate bill seeks to limit surveillance, by Paul Lewis (Sept 26, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Meet the machines that steal your phone’s data, by Ryan Gallagher (Sept 25, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA spied on Indian embassy and UN mission, Edward Snowden files reveal, by Jason Burke (Sept 25, 2013)
• The Guardian: Justice Antonin Scalia: courts will determine legality of NSA surveillance, by the Associated Press (Sept 25, 2013)
• The Guardian: Dropbox joins tech giants in quest to publish government user data requests, by Adam Gabbatt (Sept 25, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA surveillance goes beyond Orwell's imagination – Alan Rusbridger, by Dominic Rushe (Sept 23, 2013)
• Washington Post: Former FBI agent to plead guilty in leak to AP, by Sari Horwitz (Sept 23, 2013)
• New York Times: Former F.B.I. Agent Pleads Guilty in Leak to A.P., by Charlie Savage (Sept 23, 2013)
• Associated Press: Close Ties Between White House, NSA Spying Review, by Stephen Brown (Sept 22, 2013)
• Computer.org: Making Sense from Snowden: What’s Significant in the NSA Surveillance Revelations, by Susan Landau (Sept 2013 issue)
• New York Times: Close the N.S.A.’s Back Doors, by the Editorial Board (Sept 21, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Snowden docs now show Britain, not NSA, targeted Belgian telco, by Cyrus Farivar (Sep 20, 2013)
• Ars Technica: We don’t enable backdoors in our crypto products, RSA tells customers, by Dan Goodin (Sept 20, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Stop using NSA-influenced code in our products, RSA tells customers, by Dan Goodin (Sept 19, 2013)
• New York Times: Snowden Among Nominees for a European Human Rights Prize, by Dan Bilefsky (Sept 17, 2013)
• New York Times: Extended Ruling by Secret Court Backs Collection of Phone Data, by Charlie Savage (Sept 17, 2013)
• New York Times: Guardian Story on Israel and N.S.A. Is Not ‘Surprising’ Enough to Cover, by Margaret Sullivan (Sept 16, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Major Belgian telco targeted by a foreign state, Brussels says, by Cyrus Farivar (Sept 16, 2013)
• ProPublica: Government Standards Agency “Strongly” Suggests Dropping its Own Encryption Standard, by Jeff Larson and Justin Elliott (Sept 13, 2013)
• New York Times: Judge Urges U.S. to Consider Releasing N.S.A. Data on Calls, by Scott Shane (Sept 13, 2013)
• The Guardian: Fisa judge: Snowden's NSA disclosures triggered important spying debate, by Spencer Ackerman (Sept 13, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Reporter talks about what it was like working with Snowden, by Cyrus Farivar (Sept 12, 2013)
• RealClearPolitics: NSA Can't Decide if Mexico Is Friend or Foe, by Peter Watt (Sept 12, 2013)
• The Guardian: Obama's NSA surveillance review panel did not discuss changes, attendees say, by Spencer Ackerman (Sept 12, 2013)
• The Guardian: Zuckerberg: US government 'blew it' on NSA surveillance, by Dominic Rushe (Sept 12, 2013)
• NPR: Reporter Had To Decide If Snowden Leaks Were 'The Real Thing', interview by Terry Gross with Barton Gellman (Sept 11, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA shares raw intelligence including Americans' data with Israel, by Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras and Ewen MacAskill (Sept 11, 2013)
• Los Angeles Times: NSA admits wrongly adding 16,000 phone numbers to 'alert list', by David G. Savage (Sept 10, 2013)
• New York Times: Court Upbraided N.S.A. on Its Use of Call-Log Data, by Scott Shane (Sept 10, 2013)
• Boston Globe: NSA may hold key to mystery of how UN chief was killed, by Raphael Satter (Sept 10, 2013)
• Boston Globe: Judge almost shut down NSA surveillance program, records show, by Paul Elias (Sept 10, 2013)
• Ars Technica: University apologizes for censoring crypto prof over anti-NSA post, by Nate Anderson (Sept 10, 2013)
• Fantastico: NSA Documents Show United States Spied Brazilian Oil Giant (Sept 9, 2013)
• Ars technica: Crypto prof asked to remove NSA-related blog post, by Nate Anderson (Sept 9, 2013)
• The Guardian: Yahoo files lawsuit against NSA over user data requests, by Ewen MacAskill (Sept 9, 2013)
• Shtetl-Optimized Blog: NSA: Possibly breaking US laws, but still bound by laws of computational complexity, by Scott Aaronson (Sept 8, 2013)
• Der Spiegel: Privacy Scandal: NSA Can Spy on Smart Phone Data (Sept 7, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA encryption story, Latin American fallout and US/UK attacks on press freedoms, by Glenn Greenwald (Sept 7, 2013)
• Washington Post: Google encrypts data amid backlash against NSA spying, by Craig Timberg (Sept 6, 2013)
• The Guardian: Microsoft and Yahoo voice alarm over NSA's assault on internet encryption, by Dominic Rushe (Sept 6, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA and GCHQ decryption attempts offer 'substantial potential for abuse', by Dominic Rushe (Sept 6, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA decryption revelations 'provide roadmap' to adversaries, US warns, by James Ball (Sept 6, 2013)
• New York Times: Decision to Publish Against Government Request Was ‘Not a Particularly Anguished One’, by Margaret Sullivan (Sept 6, 2013)
• A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering Blog: On the NSA, by Matthew Green (Sept 5, 2013)
• Bruce Schneier Blog: The NSA Is Breaking Most Encryption on the Internet, by Bruce Schneier (Sept 5,2013)
• The Guardian: Revealed: how US and UK spy agencies defeat internet privacy and security, by James Ball, Julian Borger and Glenn Greenwald (Sept 5, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Foils Much Internet Encryption, by Nicole Perlroth, Jeff Larson and Scott Shane (Sept 5, 2013)
• The Guardian: Barack Obama raises possibility of new legislation to curb NSA powers, by Ewen MacAskill (Aug 4, 2013)
• Boston Globe: US accused of spying on Brazil, Mexico leaders, by Bradley Brooks and Marco Sibaja, Associated Press (Sept 3, 2013)
• Washington Post: Top-secret U.S. intelligence files show new levels of distrust of Pakistan, by Greg Miller, Craig Whitlock and Barton Gellman (Sept 2, 2013)
• New York Times: Drug Agents Use Vast Phone Trove, Eclipsing N.S.A.’s, by Scott Shane and Colin Moynihan (Sept 1, 2013)
• Washington Post: U.S. intelligence agencies spend millions to hunt for insider threats, document shows, by Carol D. Leonnig, Julie Tate and Barton Gellman (Sept 1, 2013)

Aug 2013

• Al Jazeera: NSA spied on Al Jazeera: Report, by Al Jazeera (Aug 31, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Latest Snowden leak: NSA spied on Al Jazeera communications, by Megan Geuss (Aug 31, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Partner of NSA leaks reporter carried paper with password, says UK, by Jon Brodkin (Aug 30, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Feds plow $10 billion into “groundbreaking” crypto-cracking program, by Dan Goodin (Aug 30, 2013)
• The Guardian: US should re-evaluate surveillance laws, ex-NSA chief acknowledges, by Spencer Ackerman (Aug 30, 2013)
• Washington Post: U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show, by Barton Gellman and Ellen Nakashima (Aug 30, 2013)
• Politico: Detained Miranda had 58,000 classified docs, by Dylan Byers (Aug 30, 2013)
• The Guardian: UK took three weeks to act over data at New York Times, says Guardian, by Robert Booth (Aug 30, 2013)
• The Telegraph: David Miranda was carrying password for secret files on piece of paper, by David Barrett (Aug 30, 2013)
• All Things D blog: Microsoft and Google Will Sue U.S. Government Over FISA Order Data, by Arik Hesseldahl (Aug 30, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Sysadmin security fail: NSA finds Snowden hijacked officials’ logins, by Sean Gallagher (Aug 29, 2013)
• Ars Technica French judiciary opens “preliminary investigation” of NSA spying, by Cyrus Farivar (Aug 29, 2013)
• NBC News: Snowden impersonated NSA officials, sources say, by Richard Esposito, Matthew Cole and Robert Windrem (Aug 29, 2013)
• The Guardian: US intelligence spending has doubled since 9/11, top secret budget reveals, by Ewen MacAskill and Jonathan Watts (Aug 29, 2013)
• Washington Post: DNI James Clapper’s statement to The Post, by Washington Post Staff (Aug 29, 2013)
• Washington Post: NSA paying U.S. companies for access to communications networks, by Craig Timberg and Barton Gellman (Aug 29, 2013)
• Washington Post: U.S. spy network’s successes, failures and objectives detailed in ‘black budget’ summary, by barton Gellman (Aug 29, 2013)
• Washington Post: To hunt Osama bin Laden, satellites watched over Abbottabad, Pakistan, and Navy SEALs, by Craig Whitlock and Barton Gellman (Aug 29, 2013)
• Ars Technica: In ACLU lawsuit, scientist demolishes NSA’s “It’s just metadata” excuse, by Joe Mullin (Aug 27, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Phone Data Collection Is Illegal, A.C.L.U. Says, by Scott Shane (Aug 26, 2013)
• The Guardian: Edward Snowden got stuck in Moscow 'after Cuba blocked entry', by Reuters (Aug 26, 2013)
• Washington Post: Report: Snowden stayed at Russian consulate while in Hong Kong, by Will Englund (Aug 26, 2013)
• Der Spiegel: Neue NSA-Dokumente: US-Geheimdienst hörte Zentrale der Vereinten Nationen ab (Aug 25, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA row: Merkel rival threatens to suspend EU-US trade talks, by Kevin Rawlinson and agencies (Aug 25, 2013)
• Boston Globe: Edward Snowden may have bypassed electronic logs, by Adam Goldman and Kimberly Dozier, Associated Press (Aug 25, 2013)
• The Guardian: Snowden: UK government now leaking documents about itself, by Glenn Greenwald (Aug 23, 2013)
• The Guardian: US surveillance guidelines not updated for 30 years, privacy board finds, by Dan Roberts (Aug 23, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA analysts 'wilfully violated' surveillance systems, agency admits, by Adam Gabbatt (Aug 24, 2013)
• The Guardian: David Miranda's detention is a threat to press freedom, say European editors, by Jamie Doward (Aug 24, 2013)
• The Guardian: Press freedom: an open letter to David Cameron from Nordic editors (Aug 24, 2013)
• Buzz Feed: New York Times And Guardian Will Publish More Snowden Revelations, by Ben Smith (Aug 23, 2013)
• The Guardian: Guardian partners with New York Times over Snowden GCHQ files, by Lisa O'Carroll (Aug 23, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Said to Have Paid E-Mail Providers Millions to Cover Costs From Court Ruling, by Charlie Savage (Aug 23, 2013)
• Wall St Journal Blog: NSA Officers Spy on Love Interests, by Siobhan Gorman (Aug 23, 2013)
• Real Clear Politics: Snags Slow Formation of Surveillance Review Group, by Alexis Simendinger (Aug 23, 2013)
• Bloomberg: Lawmakers Probing Intentional Abuses of Power by NSA Analysts, by Chris Strohm (Aug 23, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA paid millions to cover Prism compliance costs for tech companies, by Ewen MacAskill (Aug 22, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Obama’s “outside experts” surveillance review panel has deep ties to gov’t, by Cyrus Farivar (Aug 22, 2013)
• The Economist: The National Security Agency - A little more light, by M.J. (Aug 22, 2013)
• The Guardian: UK terror law watchdog promises rapid report on David Miranda detention, by Robert Booth and Nicholas Watt (Aug 22, 2013)
• The Guardian: US intelligence services go 'on the record' with new Tumblr blog, by Stuart Dredge (Aug 22, 2013)
• CNN: Glenn Greenwald's partner David Miranda wins partial court victory, by Laura Smith-Spark. Andrew Carey and Mick Krever (Aug 22, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA illegally collected thousands of emails before Fisa court halted program, by Spencer Ackerman (Aug 21, 2013)
• Boston Globe: NSA collected thousands of US communications, by Kimberly Dozier, Associated Press (Aug 22, 2013)
• Ars Technica: In Salt Lake City for the 2002 Olympics? The NSA may have read your texts, by Megan Geuss (Aug 21, 2013)
• New York Times: Secret Court Rebuked N.S.A. on Surveillance, by Charlie Savage and Scott Shane (Aug 21, 2013)
• Washington Post: NSA gathered thousands of Americans’ e-mails before court struck down program, by Ellen Nakashima (Aug 21, 2013)
• Washington Post: Britain defends destruction of Snowden data, by Karla Adam (Aug 21, 2013)
• Fox News: NSA collected thousands of emails from Americans, rebuked by court (Aug 21, 2013)
• CNN: Report: NSA can see 75% of U.S. Web messages, by Doug Gross (Aug 21, 2013)
• CNN: NSA misrepresented scope of data collection to secret court, by Evan Perez (Aug 21, 2013)
• The Guardian Blog: Press freedom watchdog to Cameron: UK has abused anti-terror laws, by Roy Greenslade (Aug 21, 2013)
• The Guardian: 'Sending a message': what the US and UK are attempting to do, by Glenn Greenwald (Aug 21, 2013)
• The Guardian: Guardian told to destroy NSA files for national security, says Clegg, by Nicholas Watt (Aug 21, 2013)
• New York Times: Facial Scanning Is Making Gains in Surveillance, by Charlie Savage (Aug 21, 2013)
• New York Times: Manning Sentenced to 35 Years for Leaking Government Secrets, by Charlie Savage and Emmarie Huetteman (Aug 21, 2013)
• Fox News: NSA surveillance reach broader than publicly acknowledged (Aug 21, 2013)
• The Hill: NSA story cuts into Obama’s popularity with young voters, by Justin Sink (Aug 21, 2013)
• Los Angeles Times: Britain vs. David Miranda, and Glenn Greenwald, by the Editorial Board (Aug 21, 2013)
• NBC: US doesn't know what Snowden took, sources say, by Michael Isikoff, Matthew Cole, and Richard Esposito (Aug 20, 2013)
• Ars Technica: UK Home Office defends nine-hour interrogation of journalist’s partner, by Joe Mullin (Aug 20, 2013)
• Wall St Journal: New Details Show Broader NSA Surveillance Reach, by Siobhan Gorman and Jennifer Valentino-DeVries (Aug 20, 2013)
• The guardian Blog: How the press reacted to Guardian editor's revelation about security pressure, by Roy Greenslade (Aug 20, 2013)
• The Guardian Blog: David Miranda: national newspapers attack use of anti-terror laws, by Roy Greenslade (Aug 20, 2013)
• The Guardian: White House: US government wouldn't force reporters to destroy computers, by Spencer Ackerman (Aug 20, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA files: why the Guardian in London destroyed hard drives of leaked files, by Julian Borger (Aug 20, 2013)
• The Guardian blog: How the press reacted to Guardian editor's revelation about security pressure, by Roy Greenslade (Aug 20, 2013)
• The Guardian: David Miranda's lawyers threaten legal action over 'unlawful' detention, by Lisa O'Carroll (Aug 20, 2013)
• The Guardian: Rusbridger: destroying hard drives allowed us to continue NSA coverage, by Josh Halliday (Aug 20, 2013)
• Washington Post: U.S. had advance notice of Britain’s plan to detain reporter Glenn Greenwald’s partner, by Billy Kenber and Karla Adam (Aug 19, 2013)
• New York Times: Britons Question Whether Detention of Reporter’s Partner Was Terror-Related, by Steven Erlanger (Aug 19, 2013)
• CNN: White House knew Glenn Greenwald's partner David Miranda would be detained, by CNN Staff (Aug 19, 2013)
• The Guardian: David Miranda detention: a betrayal of trust and principle, editorial (Aug 19, 2013)
• The Guardian: Terrorism law watchdog calls for explanation of Miranda detention, by Nicholas Watt and Rowena Mason (Aug 19, 2013)
• New York Times: Britain Detains the Partner of a Reporter Tied to Leaks, by Charlie Savage and Michael Schwirtz (Aug 19, 2013)
• Washington Post: Understanding the NSA’s errors, by the Editorial Board (Aug 18, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Ars Technicast, Ep. 32: NSA, Snowden, and why Lavabit had to go down, with Joe Mullin (Aug 16, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Newly published leaks show NSA’s thousands of privacy violations, by Joe Mullin (Aug 16, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA revelations of privacy breaches 'the tip of the iceberg' – Senate duo, by Spencer Ackerman (Aug 16, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA under renewed fire after report finds it violated its own privacy rules, by Spencer Ackerman (Aug 16, 2013)
• The Guardian: Angela Merkel launches re-election bid amid cacophony of spying scandal, by Josie Le Blond (Aug 16, 2013)
• New York Times: GPS Tracking and Secret Policies, by the Editorial Board (Aug 16, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Often Broke Rules on Privacy, Audit Shows, by Charlie Savage (Aug 16, 2013)
• Washington Post: NSA broke privacy rules thousands of times per year, audit finds, by Barton Gellman (Aug 15, 2013)
• Reuters: Snowden downloaded NSA secrets while working for Dell, sources say, by Mark Hosenball (Aug 15, 2013)
• The Guardian: Intelligence committee urged to explain if they withheld crucial NSA document, by Spencer Ackerman (Aug 14, 2013)
• The Guardian: Google: Gmail users shouldn't expect email privacy, by Dominic Rushe (Aug 14, 2013)
• The Guardian: White House insists James Clapper will not lead NSA surveillance review, by Ewen MacAskill (Aug 13, 2013)
• Ars Technica: New profile of Snowden’s trusted ally illustrates importance of opsec, by Cyrus Farivar (Aug 13, 2013)
• New York Times Magazine: How Laura Poitras Helped Snowden Spill His Secrets, by Peter Maass (Aug 13, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Leaks Make Plan for Cyberdefense Unlikely, by David E. Sanger (Aug 12, 2013)
• Washington Post: Edward Snowden, Glenn Greenwald will not do TV interview despite preliminary talks, by Paul Farhi (Aug 12, 2013)
• The Guardian: Intelligence committee withheld key file before critical NSA vote, Amash claims, by Spencer Ackerman (Aug 12, 2013)
• The Guardian: Germany denies phone data sent to NSA used in drone attacks, by Louise Osborne (Aug 12, 2013)
• The Guardian: Michael Hayden, Bob Schieffer and the media's reverence of national security officials, by Glenn Greenwald (Aug 12, 2013)
• FAS Secrecy News: Leaks Inspire GAO Review of “Classification Inflation”, by Steve Aftergood (Aug 12, 2013)
• New York Times: Threats Test Obama’s Balancing Act on Surveillance, by Mark Mazzetti and Scott Shane (Aug 9, 2013)
• New York Times: President Moves to Ease Worries on Surveillance, by Charlie Savage and Michael D. Shear (Aug 9, 2013)
• Washington Post: Another e-mail service shuts down over government spying concerns, by Timothy B. Lee (Aug 9, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Don’t worry, NSA says—we only “touch” 1.6% of daily global Internet traffic, by Cyrus Farivar (Aug 9, 2013)
• Ars Technica: At press conference, Obama denounces Snowden — and promises reforms, by Joe Mullin (Aug 9, 2013)
• Reuters: NSA to cut system administrators by 90 percent to limit data access, by Jonathan Allen (Aug 8, 2013)
• Washington Post: Snowden’s e-mail provider is closing, cannot legally say why, by Andrea Peterson (Aug 8, 2013)
• Washington Post: Piercing the confusion around NSA’s phone surveillance program, by Dana Prist (Aug 8, 2013)
• Washington Post: NSA cites case as success of phone data-collection program, by Ellen Nakashima (Aug 8, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Said to Search Content of Messages to and From U.S., by Charlie Savage (Aug 8, 2013)
• New York Times: Caustic Light on White House’s Reaction to a Terrorist Threat, by Robert F. Worth and Eric Schmitt (Aug 7, 2013)
• Reuters: New U.S. spying revelations coming from Snowden leaks: journalist, by Anthony Boadle (Aug 7, 2013)
• The Guardian: US drug agency surveillance unit to be investigated by Department of Justice, by Karen McVeigh (Aug 6, 2013)
• The Guardian: Former NSA director predicts cyber-terror attacks if Snowden apprehended, by Spencer Ackerman (Aug 6, 2013)
• The Guardian: US embassy closures used to bolster case for NSA surveillance programs, by Spencer Ackerman and Dan Roberts (Aug 5, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Update: Researchers say Tor-targeted malware phoned home to NSA, by Sean Gallagher (Aug 5, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Attackers wield Firefox exploit to uncloak anonymous Tor users, by Dan Groodin (Aug 5, 2013)
• Washington Post: The NSA is giving your phone records to the DEA. And the DEA is covering it up, by Brian Fung (Aug 5, 2013)
• Reuters: Exclusive: U.S. directs agents to cover up program used to investigate Americans, by John Shiffman and Kristina Cooke (Aug 5, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Alleged Tor hidden service operator busted for child porn distribution, by Sean Gallagher (Aug 4, 2013)
• Ars Technica: The sneaky switch that set the stage for the NSA’s call records program, by Julian Sanchez (Aug 4, 2013)
• The Guardian: Members of Congress denied access to basic information about NSA, by Glenn Greenwald (Aug 4, 2013)
• New York Times: A Washington Riddle: What Is ‘Top Secret’?, by David E. Sanger (Aug 3, 2013)
• New York Times: Other Agencies Clamor for Data N.S.A. Compiles, by Eric Lichtblau (Aug 3, 2013)
• The Guardian: Exclusive: NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ, by Nick Hopkins and Julian Borger (Aug 2, 2013)
• Los Angeles Times: Guardian account of NSA program XKeyScore misleading, officials say, by Ken Dilanian (Aug 1, 2013)
• The Guardian: Obama 'open to NSA surveillance reform' at meeting with lawmakers, by Spencer Ackerman (Aug 1, 2013)
• Washington Post: Democratic divide over NSA could pose problem for Obama, by Aaron Blake and Scott Wilson (Aug 1, 2013)
• CBS: Obama, lawmakers meet to discuss NSA surveillance, by CBS (Aug 1, 2013)
• New York Times: Russia Grants Snowden 1-Year Asylum, by Steven Lee Myers and Andrew E. Kramer (Aug 1, 2013)

July 2013

• New York Times: More Fog From the Spy Agencies, by the Editorial Board (July 31, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Sounding the alarm: Ars speaks with vocal NSA critic Sen. Ron Wyden, by Joe Mullin (July 31, 2013)
• Ars Technica: NSA director addresses Black Hat, says there have been “zero abuses” of data, by Peter Bright (July 31, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Senators take intelligence officials to the mat over secret courts, phone metadata, by Julian Sanchez (July 31, 2013)
• Ars Technica: New Snowden leak details “widest-reaching” NSA digital surveillance program, by Cyrus Farivar (July 31, 2013)
• Ars Technica: In wake of leaks, US intelligence pulls back the curtain on metadata collection, by Cyrus Farivar (July 31, 2013)
• Real Clear Politics: Government Braces for Coming Changes to NSA Powers, by Pete Yost & Matt Apuzzo (July 31, 2013)
• ABC News: NSA Vows To Hold People Accountable For Snowden Leak, by Mike Levine (July 31, 2013)
• CNN: NSA chief: Snooping is crucial to fighting terrorism, by Heather Kelly (July 31, 2013)
• The Guardian: XKeyscore: NSA tool collects 'nearly everything a user does on the internet', by Glenn Greenwald (July 31, 2013)
• Washington Post: Excerpts from interview with father of Edward Snowden, by Jerry Markon (July 31, 2013)
• Washington Post: Government unveils secret order to Verizon, by Sari Horwitz and Ellen Nakashima (July 31, 2013)
• New York Times: Senate Panel Presses N.S.A. on Phone Logs, by Charlie Savage and David Sanger (July 31, 2013)
• New York Times: U.S. Outlines N.S.A.’s Culling of Data for All Domestic Calls, by Charlie Savage (July 31, 2013)
• New York Times: Warrantless Cellphone Tracking Is Upheld, by Somini Sengupta (July 30, 2013)
• New York Times: A Mixed Verdict on Manning, by the Editorial Board (July 30, 2013)
• New York Times: Manning Is Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy, by Charlie Savage (July 30, 2013)
• The Guardian: Senators strongly criticise intelligence chiefs over NSA data collection, by Spencer Ackerman (July 30, 2013)
• Washington Post: Make NSA programs more transparent, by Dianne Feinstein (July 30, 2013)
• Ars Technica: How NSA leaks are changing minds among the public—and in Congress, by Joe Mullin (July 30, 2013)
• Ars Technica: FISA court judge: No company has ever challenged Patriot Act sharing, by Cyrus Farivar (July 30, 2013)
• Ars Technica: What the Ashcroft “Hospital Showdown” on NSA spying was all about, by Julian Sanchez (July 29, 2013)
• FAS Secrecy News: Court Eases Prosecutors’ Burden of Proof in Leak Cases, by Steven Aftergood (July 29, 2013)
• The Guardian: Wyden calls Fisa court 'anachronistic' as pressure builds on Senate to act, by Ed Pilkington (July 28, 2013)
• New York Times: Momentum Builds Against N.S.A. Surveillance, by Jonathan Weisman (July 28, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Judge denies government’s bid to delay lawsuit to halt NSA metadata collection, by Cyrus Farivar (July 26, 2013)
• The Guardian: Christie slams 'libertarian' trend on security, by AP (July 26 2013)
• National Journal: How America's Top Tech Companies Created the Surveillance State, by Michael Hirsch (July 25, 2013)
• Washington Post: Christie goes after libertarians — hard, by Aaron Blake (July 25, 2013)
• Rolling Stone: New Congressional Coalition Emerges Against NSA Surveillance, by Ryan Devereaux (July 26, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA surveillance critics to testify before Congress, by Paul Lewis (July 26, 2013)
• New York Times: U.S. Tells Russia It Won’t Torture or Kill Snowden, by Michael A. Schmidt (July 26, 2013)
• Daily Beast: Snowden Dispute Sparks Deeper Fallout in U.S.-Russia Relationship, by Josh Rogin (July 26, 2013)
• The Guardian: Edward Snowden and the NSA files – timeline, by Mirren Gidda (July 25, 2013)
• New York Times: Roberts’s Picks Reshaping Secret Surveillance Court, by Charlie Savage (July 25 ,2013)
• New York Times: Spy Agencies Under Heaviest Scrutiny Since Abuse Scandal of the ’70s, by Scott Shane (July 25, 2013)
• CNet: Feds tell Web firms to turn over user account passwords, by Declan McCullagh (July 25, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA surveillance: narrow defeat for amendment to restrict data collection, by Spencer Ackerman (July 24, 2013)
• The Guardian: House vote reflects growing revolt over NSA surveillance, by Ewen MacAskill (July 24, 2013)
• The Guardian: White House braced for Congress vote on amendment to limit NSA collection, by Spencer Ackerman (July 24, 2013)
• CNet: Feds put heat on Web firms for master encryption keys, by Declan McCullagh (July 24, 2013)
• Ars Technica: NSA says it can’t search its own e-mails, by Justin Elliott, ProPublica (July 23, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Director Lobbies House on Eve of Critical Vote, by James Risen and Charlie Savage (July 23, 2013)
• The Guardian: House forces vote on amendment that would limit NSA bulk surveillance, by Spencer Ackerman (July 23, 2013)
• Der Spiegel: 'Key Partners': Secret Links Between Germany and the NSA, by Spiegel (July 22, 2013)
• CNN: Court renews secret U.S. surveillance program, by Carol Cratty (July 20, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Imposes Rules to Protect Secret Data Stored on Its Networks, by david E. Sanger and Eric Schmidt (July 18, 2013)
• The Guardian: Slew of court challenges threaten NSA's relationship with tech firms, by Spencer Ackerman (July 17, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA warned to rein in surveillance as agency reveals even greater scope, by Spencer Ackerman (July 17, 2013)
• New York Times: Bipartisan Backlash Grows Against Domestic Surveillance, by James Risen (July 17, 2013)
• Boston Globe: Congress decries NSA actions, by Pete Yost, Associated Press (July 17, 2013)
• The Guardian: Email exchange between Edward Snowden and former GOP Senator Gordon Humphrey, by Glenn Greenwald (July 16, 2013)
• Microsoft On The Issues Blog: Responding to government legal demands for customer data, by Brad Smith, General Counsel & Executive Vice President, Legal & Corporate Affairs, Microsoft (July 16, 2013)
• Washington Post: Snowden’s surveillance leaks open way for challenges to programs’ constitutionality, by Jerry Markon (July 15, 2013)
• Washington Post: AP Interview: Guardian journalist says Snowden has documents with 'blueprints' of NSA, by the Associated Press (July 14, 2013)
• Washington Post: For NSA chief, terrorist threat drives passion to ‘collect it all,’ observers say, by Ellen Nakashima and Joby Warrick (July 14, 2013)
• Wall Street Journal Blog: Germany's Merkel Calls for International Privacy Deal, by Susann Kreutzmann and Todd Buell (July 14, 2013)
• New York Times: N.S.A. Leaks Revive Push in Russia to Control Net, by Andrew E. Kramer (July 14, 2013)
• New York Times: Nations Buying as Hackers Sell Flaws in Computer Code, by Nicole Pelroth and David E. Sanger (July 13, 2013)
• Washington Post: The White House is turning up the pressure on Moscow over Snowden. Will it make any difference?, by Max Fisher (July 13, 2013)
• New York Times: U.S. Is Pressing Latin Americans to Reject Snowden, by William Newman and Randal C. Archibold (July 11, 2013)
• New York Times: Merkel Appears to Weather Anger Among German Voters Over N.S.A. Spying, by Melissa Eddy (July 11, 2013)
• New York Times: Snowden Is Said to Renew Plea for Asylum in Russia, by Ellen Barry (July 12, 2013)
• Washington Post: Activist: Snowden will seek asylum in Russia, by Will Englund (July 12, 2013)
• Washington Post: Snowden, in e-mail to human rights groups, announces meeting and assails U.S. ‘escalation’, by Max Fisher (July 12, 2013)
• New York Times: Report Indicates More Extensive Cooperation by Microsoft on Surveillance, by James Risen (July 11, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA surveillance: French human rights groups seek judicial investigation, by Angelique Chrisafis (July 11, 2013)
• The Guardian: Revealed: how Microsoft handed the NSA access to encrypted messages, by Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill, Laura Poitras, Spencer Ackerman and Dominic Rushe (July 11, 2013)
• The Washington Post: Lawmakers say administration’s lack of candor on surveillance weakens oversight, by Peter Wallsten (July 10, 2013)
• The Guardian: Snowden: I never gave any information to Chinese or Russian governments, by Glenn Greenwald (July 10, 2013)
• Quinnipiac University: U.S. Voters Say Snowden Is Whistle-Blower, Not Traitor, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Big Shift On Civil Liberties vs. Counter-Terrorism (July 10, 2013)
• Washington Post: The NSA slide you haven’t seen, by Craig Timberg (July 10, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Five things Snowden leaks revealed about NSA’s original warrantless wiretaps, by Julian Sanchez (July 9 2013)
• Ars Technica: Judge throws out “state secrets” defense in light of NSA leaks, by Cyrus Farivar (July 9, 2013)
• Washington Post: Here’s what can go wrong when the government builds a huge database about Americans, by Timothy B. Lee (July 8, 2013)
• Der Spiegel: Edward Snowden Interview: The NSA and Its Willing Helpers, by Jacob Appelbaum and Laura Poitras (July 8, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Supreme Court asked to halt NSA phone surveillance, by Jon Brodkin (July 8, 2013)
• Boston Globe: Cellphone data mined to create personal profiles, by Hiawatha Bray (July 8, 2013)
• Boston Globe: See your metadata the way the NSA does, by Michael Morisy (July 8, 2013)
• The Guardian: Edward Snowden: US surveillance 'not something I'm willing to live under', by Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras and Ewen MacAskill (July 8, 2013)
• The Guardian: The Snowden video sequel and Brazil fallout, by Glenn Greenwald (July 8, 2013)
• BBC: Brazil asks US to explain internet surveillance, by BBC (July 7, 2013)
• Washington Post: NYC cases show how crooked officers misuse FBI database for cyber snooping, other offenses, by AP (July 7, 2013)
• Washington Post: Somali American caught up in a shadowy Pentagon counterpropaganda campaign, by Craig Whitlock (July 7, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Deals with foreign cable owners, secret court rulings broaden NSA spying potential, by Megan Geuss (July 7, 2013)
• The Guardian: Edward Snowden tells Der Spiegel NSA is 'in bed with the Germans', by Reuters (July 7, 2013)
• Der Spiegel: Snowden Interview: NSA 'In Bed Together with the Germans', by Spiegel (July 7, 2013)
• Der Spiegel: Letter from Berlin: Spying Scandal Shakes Up German Campaign, by Charles Hawley (July 7, 2013)
• The Guardian: The NSA's mass and indiscriminate spying on Brazilians, by Glenn Greenwald (July 6, 2013)
• Washington Post: Agreements with private companies protect U.S. access to cables’ data for surveillance, by Craig Timberg and Ellen Nakashima (July 6, 2013)
• New York Times: In Secret, Court Vastly Broadens Powers of N.S.A., by Eric Lichtblau (July 6, 2013)
• Washington Post blog: Did you know John Roberts is also chief justice of the NSA’s surveillance state?, by Ezra Klein (July 5, 2013)
• Süddeutsche Zeitung: Studenten verhören NSA-Beamte, by Christian Helten (July 5, 2013)

A commentary to Students Question the NSA at Recruiting Session, by Madiha Tahir

• Washington Post: Sarah Harrison, the woman from WikiLeaks, by Anthony Faiola and Karla Adam (July 5, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA leaks: UK blocks crucial espionage talks between US and Europe, by Ian Traynor (July 5, 2013)
• The Guardian: Edward Snowden offered asylum by Venezuelan president, by Reuters (July 7, 213)
• The Guardian: European states were told Snowden was on Morales plane, says Spain, by the Associated Press (July 5, 2013)
• The Guardian: US and Germany to hold talks over European NSA surveillance concerns, by Kate Connolly, Dan Roberts and Ian Traynor (July 4, 2013)
• The Guardian: European firms 'could quit US internet providers over NSA scandal', by Ian Traynor (July 4, 2013)
• The Guardian: France 'runs vast electronic spying operation using NSA-style methods', by Angelique Chrisafis (July 4, 2013)
• Le Monde: Révélations sur le Big Brother français, by Jacques Follorou et Franck Johannès (July 4, 2013)
• USA Today: Obama, Merkel agree to talks on U.S. spying, by David Jackson (July 4, 2013)
• Reuters: EU parliament urges blocking U.S. data access after spy leaks, by Claire Davenport (July 4, 2013)
• Washington Post: Seeking Snowden in Sheremetyevo, by Kathy Lally and Will Englund (July 4, 2013)
• Fox News: French official lashes out at US at July 4 party, in latest clash over Snowden leaks, by Fox News and the Associated Press (July 4, 2013)
• CNN: Morales challenges U.S. after Snowden rumor holds up plane in Europe, by Ed Payne and Catherine E. Shoichet (July 4, 2013)
• New York Times: Résumé Shows Snowden Honed Hacking Skills, by Christopher Drew and Scott Shane (July 4, 2013)
• New York Times: U.S. Postal Service Logging All Mail for Law Enforcement, by Ron Nixon (July 3, 2013)
• Real Clear Politics: Clapper Apologizes for "Erroneous" Answer on NSA Spying, by Kimberly Dozier, AP (July 3, 2013)
• The Guardian: Bolivian president leaves Austria as diplomatic row erupts over diversion, by Jonathan Watts, Dan Roberts and agencies (July 3, 2013)
• Huffington Post: German Magazine Der Spiegel Lands Latest Edward Snowden NSA Scoop, by Michael Calderone (July 1, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Snowden speaks: by revoking passport, US gov’t is “using citizenship as a weapon”, by Cyrus Farivar (July 1, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Ecuador president: Snowden can’t leave Moscow airport without Russia’s OK, by Cyrus Farivar (July 1, 2013)
• WikiLeaks: Statement from Edward Snowden in Moscow, by Edward Snowden (July 1, 2013)
• The Guardian: Obama tries to ease NSA tensions and insists: Europe spies on US too, by Dan Roberts (July 1, 2013)
• Süddeutsche Zeitung: "Deutschland sollte ihm Asyl gewähren", by Oliver Das Gupta (July 1, 2013)
• Liberation: Plusieurs partis politiques réclament l'asile pour Snowden, by K.H.-G. and AFP (July 1, 2013)
• Le Monde: Espionnage américain : le point sur les dernières révélations, by Lucie Soullier (July 1, 2013)
• Le Monde: La Commission européenne se dit "focalisée" sur l'affaire de l'espionnage américain, by Jean-Pierre Stroobants (July 1, 2013)
• Le Monde: Espionnage : Hollande demande des garanties à Washington avant de parler de libre échange, by Philippe Ricard (July 1, 2013)
• USA Today: Putin tells Snowden to stop leaking, refuses U.S. demands, by Kim Hjelmgaard and Aaron Tilton (July 1, 2013)
• Washington Post: Bush defends surveillance programs, says Snowden ‘damaged’ U.S., by Aaron Blake (July 1, 2013)
• New York Times: Snowden Applies for Asylum in Russia, by Andrew Roth (July 1, 2013)
• New York Times: Kerry Says Snowden Affair Will Not Upset China Relations, by Michael R. Gordon (July 1, 2013)

June 2013

• New York Times: Job Title Key to Inner Access Held by Snowden, by Scott Shane and David E. Sanger (June 30, 2013)
• New York Times: Report of U.S. Spying Angers European Allies, by Stephen Castle (June 30, 2013)
• Washington Post: E.U. fury on allegations of U.S. spying, by Michael Birnbaum (June 30, 2013)
• Washington Post: Julian Assange: Edward Snowden is ‘marooned in Russia’, by David A. Fahrenthold (June 30, 2013)
• The Guardian: New NSA leaks show how US is bugging its European allies, by Ewen MacAskill and Julian Borger (June 30, 2013)
• Der Spiegel: Spying 'Out of Control': EU Official Questions Trade Negotiations, by Claus Hecking and Stefan Schultz (June 30, 2013)
• Der Spiegel: Attacks from America: NSA Spied on European Union Offices, by Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Fidelius Schmid and Holger Stark (June 29, 2013)
• Washington Post: Secret-court judges upset at portrayal of ‘collaboration’ with government, by Carol D. Leonnig, Ellen Nakashima and Barton Gellman (June 29, 2013)
• Washington Post: NSA slides explain the PRISM data-collection program (published June 6, updated June 29 2013)
• New York Times: After Leaks, Obama Leads Damage Control Effort, by Peter Baker (June 28, 2013)
• Charlie Rose: Guardian editors discuss NSA surveillance with Charlie Rose, video (June 27, 2013)
• The Guardian: How the NSA is still harvesting your online data, by Glenn Greenwald and Spencer Ackerman (June 27, 2013)
• New York Times: New Leak Suggests Ashcroft Confrontation Was Over N.S.A. Program, by Charlie Savage and James Risen (June 27, 2013)
• Ars Technica: New leak shows NSA harvests To, From, and BCC lines of e-mail data, by Joe Mullin (June 27, 2013)
• The Guardian: NSA collected US email records in bulk for more than two years under Obama, by Glenn Greenwald and Spencer Ackerman (June 27, 2013)
• New York Times: F.T.C. Member Starts ‘Reclaim Your Name’ Campaign for Personal Data, by Natasha Singer (June 26, 2013)
• New York Times: Under Snowden Screen Name, 2009 Post Berated Leaks, by Scott Shane (June 26, 2013)
• Wired UK: Meet Prism's little brother: Socmint, by Paul Wright (June 26, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Students cite EU data protection laws, challenge firms over NSA data transfers, by Cyrus Farivar (June 26, 2013)
• Ars Technica: In 2009, Ed Snowden said leakers “should be shot.” Then he became one, by Joe Mullin (June 26, 2013)
• New York Times: Kerry Softens Tone with Russia in Snowden Dispute, by Michael R. Gordon (June 26, 2013)
• The Daily Beast: Greenwald: Snowden’s Files Are Out There if ‘Anything Happens’ to Him, by Eli Lake (Jun 25, 2013)
• New York Times: China Brushes Aside U.S. Warnings on Snowden, by Jane Perlez (June 25th, 2013)
• CNN: In high-stakes hide-and-seek, Snowden keeps much of the world guessing, by Jethro Mullen and Michael Pearson (June 25th, 2013)
• South China Morning Post: Snowden sought Booz Allen job to gather evidence on NSA surveillance, by Lana Lam (June 25, 2013)
• Wired: NSA Surveillance Leaks Prompt Legislation, by David Kravets (June 24, 2014)
• The New York Times blog: Excerpts From Snowden’s Letter Requesting Asylum in Ecuador, by Robert Mackey (June 24, 2013)
• The New York Times blog: Flight Departs for Cuba, but No Sign of Snowden, by Jennifer Preston (June 24, 2013)
• New York Times: Offering Snowden Aid, WikiLeaks Gets Back in the Game, by Scott Shane (June 23, 2013)
• New York Times: U.S. Rebukes China, Russia and Ecuador Over Snowden, by Peter Baker and Rick Gladstone (June 24, 2013)
• New York Times: Plane for Havana Leaves Moscow Without Snowden, by David M. Herszenhorn, Ellen Barry and Peter Baker (June 24, 2013)
• New York Times: Hasty Exit Started With Pizza Inside a Hong Kong Hideout, by Keyth Bradsher (June 24, 2013)
• ABC News: Kerry: Deeply Troubling If Snowden Allowed to Flee, by Deb Reichman, Associated Press (June 24, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Google handed over years of e-mails belonging to WikiLeaks chatroom admin, by Cyrus Farivar (June 22, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Google has 35 days to delete private Street View data, or else, by Joe Mullin (June 21, 2013)
• Wired: U.K. Spy Agency Secretly Taps Over 200 Fiber-Optic Cables, Shares Data With the NSA, by Kim Zetter (June 21, 2013)
• Ars Technica: New leaks: British intel’s direct-from-fiber taps “worse than the US”, by Cyrus Farivar (June 21, 2013)
• Wired: 5 Fun Facts From the Latest NSA Leak, by Kim Zetter (June 20, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Aaron’s Law, much-needed reforms to computer crimes law, introduced in Congress, by Cyrus Farivar (June 20, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Use of Tor and e-mail crypto could increase chances that NSA keeps your data, by Dan Goodin (June 20, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Lawmakers introduce new bill to compel gov’t to declassify secret court opinions, by Cyrus Farivar (June 20, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Concern about how Google Glass works goes international, by Casey Johnston (June 20, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Defense lawyer says gov’t hid NSA role in California terrorism case, by Cyrus Farivar (June 19, 2013)
• Ars Technica: FBI head says it’s using surveillance drones in US skies “very seldom”, by Cyrus Farivar (June 19, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Feds: We can’t give up cellular location data, because NSA doesn’t collect it, by Cyrus Farivar (June 19 2013)
• Ars Technica: Secret Sqrrl: NSA “spin-off” company releases data mining tool, by Sean Gallagher (June 19, 2013)
• Wired: Justice Department Fought to Conceal NSA’s Role in Terror Case From Defense Lawyers, by Kevin Poulsen (June 18, 2013)
• Ars Technica: NSA head defends spying, says it has disrupted more than 50 plots, by Cyrus Farivar (June 18, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Google wants secret court to grant publication of two data points, by Cyrus Farivar (June 18, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Snowden in online chat: NSA analysts can get “anything they want”, by Cyrus Farivar (June 17, 2013)
• Ars Technica: What the NSA doesn’t have: iMessages and FaceTime chats, by Joe Mullin (June 17, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Texas becomes first state to require warrant for e-mail snooping, by Cyrus Farivar (June 17, 2013)
• Ars Technica: PRISM helped stop terrorism in US and 20-plus countries, NSA document argues, by Nathan Mattise (June 16, 2013)
• Ars Technica: More Snowden leaks reveal UK surveillance on 2009 G20 summit attendees, by Nathan Mattise (June 16, 2013)
• Washington Post: Metadata reveals the secrets of social position, company hierarchy, terrorist cells, by Ellen Nakashima (June 15, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Details emerge about PRISM, big tech companies release data request reports, by Megan Geuss (June 15, 2013)
• Washington Post: U.S. surveillance architecture includes collection of revealing Internet, phone metadata, by Barton Gellman (June 15, 2013)
• Wired: Yahoo Supplied Data to PRISM Only After Losing Scrappy FISA Fight, by Kim Zetter (June 14, 2013)
• Wired: Our Top-Secret Message to NSA Whistleblower Edward Snowden, by Kevin Poulsen (June 14, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Encrypted e-mail: How much annoyance will you tolerate to keep the NSA away?, by Peter Bright and Dan Goodin (June 14, 2013)
• Ars Technica: NSA gets early access to zero-day data from Microsoft, others, by Sean Gallagher (June 14, 2013)
• The Guardian: Investigate Booz Allen Hamilton, not Edward Snowden, by Pratap Chatterjee (June 14, 2013)
• Wired: Connecting the Dots on PRISM, Phone Surveillance, and the NSA’s Massive Spy Center, by James Bamford (June 12, 2013)
• Wired: Neglected Privacy Board to Probe Spygate Scandal, by David Kravets (June 12, 2013)
• Wired: The Secret War, by James Bamford (June 12, 2013)
• Ars Technica: NSA leaker Ed Snowden’s life on Ars Technica, by Joe Mullin (June 12, 2013)
• Wired: Google’s Real Secret Spy Program? Secure FTP, by Kim Zetter (June 11, 2013)
• Wired: Defense Department Orders Employees, Contractors to Steer Clear of Surveillance Stories, by David Kravets (June 11, 2013)
• Wired: Lawmakers Seek Declassification of Secret Spy Court Rulings, by David Kravets (June 11, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Guardian reporter delayed e-mailing NSA source because crypto is a pain, by Dan Goodin (June 11, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Mozilla wants 500M users to tell gov’t: “stop watching us”, by Joe Mullin (June 11, 2013)
• Ars Technica: ACLU sues four top Obama administration officials over Verizon metadata sharing, by Cyrus Farivar (June 11, 2013)
• Salon: Why you can’t sue the government for spying on you, by Alex Seitz-Wald (June 10, 2013)
• Ars Technica: NSA leaker’s girlfriend blogged about “feeling alone” when he left, by Joe Mullin (June 11, 2013)
• Ars Technica: What the NSA can do with “big data”, by Joe Mullin (June 10, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Poll: Most Americans not worried about gov’t phone tracking, by Joe Mullin (June 10, 2013)
• The New York Times blog: N.S.A. Whistle-Blower Revealed in Video, by Robert Mackey (June 10, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Whistleblower who exposed NSA mass-surveillance revealed by The Guardian, by Megan Geuss (June 9, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Obama defends digital spying: “I think we’ve struck the right balance”, by Cyrus Farivar (June 7, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Guardian publishes third secret NSA document, on cyberwar, by Joe Mullin (June 7, 2013)
• Wall St Journal blog: FISA: A Law With Many Loopholes, by Jacob Gershman (June 7, 2013)
• Wall St Journal Blog: How The Government Justifies Surveillance, by Jacob Gershman (June 6, 2013)
• Washington Post: U.S., British intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program, by Barton Gellman and Laura Poitras (June 6, 2013)
• Ars Technica: White House: Spying on US citizens “critical” tool for fighting terror, by Jon Brodkin (June 6, 2013)
• Ars Technica: As Senators defend mass-surveillance, Patriot Act FOIA lawsuit still awaits, by Joe Mullin (June 6, 2013)
• Ars Technica: New leak shows feds can access user accounts for Google, Facebook and more, by Cyrus Farivar (June 6, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Top secret doc shows NSA demands Verizon hand over millions of phone records daily, by Megan Geuss (June 5, 2013)
• NBC: Exclusive: CIA didn't always know who it was killing in drone strikes, classified documents show, by Richard Engel and Robert Windrem (June 5, 2013)
• Ars Technica: Espionage malware infects raft of governments, industries around the world, by Dan Goodin (June 4, 2013)

Before June 2013

• Democracy Now: More Secrets on Growing State Surveillance: Exclusive with NSA Whistleblower, Targeted Hacker, by Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman (Apr 20, 2013)
• Democracy Now: Whistleblower: The NSA Is Lying–U.S. Government Has Copies of Most of Your Emails, by Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman (Apr 20, 2013)
• Democracy Now: "We Don’t Live in a Free Country": Jacob Appelbaum on Being Target of Widespread Gov’t Surveillance, by Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman (Apr 20, 2013)
• Democracy Now: Detained in the U.S.: Filmmaker Laura Poitras Held, Questioned Some 40 Times at U.S. Airports, by Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman (Apr 20, 2013)
• Democracy Now: Exclusive: National Security Agency Whistleblower William Binney on Growing State Surveillance, by Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman (Apr 20, 2013)
• Rolling Stone: The Rise of the Killer Drones: How America Goes to War in Secret, by Michael Hastings (Apr 16, 2012)
• Wired: Shady Companies With Ties to Israel Wiretap the U.S. for the NSA, by James Bamford (Apr 3, 2012)
• Wired: The NSA Is Building the Country’s Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say), by James Bamford (March 15, 2012)
• The Guardian: Stratfor, WikiLeaks and the Obama administration's war against truth, by Amy Goodman (March 1, 2012)
• Washington post blog: Twitter ordered to turn over information on users: Do we need to read the privacy policies?, by Melissa Bell (Dec 11, 2011)
• Washington Post: Secret government order targets WikiLeaks volunteer Jacob Appelbaum, by Elizabeth Flock (Oct 10, 2011)
• The Tech Herald: Data intelligence firms proposed a systematic attack against WikiLeaks, by Steve Ragan (Feb 9, 2011)
• Washington Post: U.S. seeks Twitter information on WikiLeaks, by Reuters (Jan 8, 2011)
• New York Times: Granting Anonymity, by Virginia Heffernan (Dec 17, 2010)
• Rolling Stone: The American Wikileaks Hacker, by Nathaniel Rich (Dec 1, 2010)

Commentary

Oct 2013

• The Guardian: Why the NSA's attacks on the internet must be made public, by Bruce Schneier (Oct 4, 2013)

Sept 2013

• The Guardian: Seymour Hersh on Obama, NSA and the 'pathetic' American media, by Lisa O'Carroll (Sept 27, 2013)
• Daily Dot: 'South Park' tackles the NSA, just not as expected, by Dell Cameron (Sept 26, 2013)
• South Park: Let Go Let Gov episode (Sept 25, 2013)
• IEEE Security & Privacy: The End of National Security Reporting?, by Jeff Stein
• IEEE Security & Privacy: Big Data, Big Brother, Big Money, by Michael Lesk, July/Aug. 2013 (Vol. 11, No. 4) pp. 85-89.
• Slate: The Rest of the Snowden Files Should Be Destroyed, by Thomas Rid (Sept 10, 2013)
• A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering Blog: A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering, by Matthew Green (Sept 10, 2013)
• The Guardian: The US government has betrayed the internet. We need to take it back, by Bruce Schneier (Sept 5, 2013)

Before Sept 2013

• Washington Post: The NSA unravels a civil rights-era victory, by Danielle Allen (Aug 29, 2013)
• Washington Post: The NSA is losing the benefit of the doubt, by Ruth Marcus (Aug 22, 2013)
• Washington Post: Bradley Manning’s sentence and the zealous national-security state, by Dana Milbank (Aug 22, 2013)
• The Independent: We’ve come a long way. Last time, the harassed Brazilian was shot dead, by Matthew Norman (Aug 20, 2013)
• Washington Post: The price Gina Gray paid for whistleblowing, by Dana Milbank (Aug 20, 2013)
• National Review: NSA Critics, Right All Along, by Charles C.W. Cooke (Aug 19, 2013)
• CNN: Al Qaeda leader's 'I told you so' on Egypt, by Peter Bergen (Aug 15, 2013)
• National Journal: The Debate Obama Never Wanted, by Major Garrett (Aug 13, 2013)
• New York Times: Obama, Snowden and Putin, by Thomas L. Friedman (Aug 13, 2013)
• The Guardian: How much data the NSA really gets, by Jeff Jarvis (Aug 13, 2013)
• Washington Post: What NSA reforms?, by Eugene Robinson (Aug 12, 2013)
• New York Times: Breaking Through Limits on Spying, by the Editorial Board (Aug 8, 2013)
• JohnLewis.House.Gov: Rep. John Lewis: No Praise for Snowden, Press Release (Aug 8, 2013)
• Washingtopn Post: How much is Putin really in charge of the Snowden crisis?, by Max Fisher (Aug 8, 2013)
• The Guardian: On Obama's cancellation of summit with Putin and extradition, by Glenn Greenwald (Aug 7, 2013)
• The Guardian: Veteran civil rights leader: Snowden acted in tradition of civil disobedience, by Paul Lewis (Aug 7, 2013)
• PressThink blog: The Toobin principle, by Jay Rosen (Aug 6, 2013)
• The Atlantic: The Soviet-Era Strategy That Explains What Russia Is Doing With Snowden, by Olga Khazan (Aug 2, 2013)
• The Atlantic: Why Wasn't the NSA Prepared?, by Allan Friedman (Aug 2, 2013)
• Foreign Policy: Declaring an End to the Decade of Fear, by Daid Rothkopf (Aug 1, 2013)
• New Yorker Blog: Presenting XKeyscore: What The NSA Is Still Hiding, by Amy Davidson (Aug 1, 2013)
• New Yorker Blog: Manning Guilty -- But Not Of Aiding The Enemy, by Amy Davidson (July 30, 2013)
• The Guardian: Major opinion shifts, in the US and Congress, on NSA surveillance and privacy, by Glenn Greenwald (July 29, 2013)
• New Yorker Blog: Holder: We Won't Torture Or Kill Snowden, by Amy Davidson (July 26, 2013)
• CNN: Ex-CIA chief: What Edward Snowden did, by Michael Hayden (July 19, 2013)
• New York Times: How Acceptable Was Anonymous Speculation About Snowden’s Laptops?, by Margaret Sullivan (July 11, 2013)
• Wall St Journal blog: Whistleblowers, by Peggy Noonan (July 9, 2013)
• The Guardian: US must fix secret Fisa courts, says top judge who granted surveillance orders, by Dan Roberts (July 9, 2013)
• Commentary: Snowden’s Nuclear War on Intelligence, by Jonathan Tobin (July 9, 2013)
• New York Times: The Laws You Can’t See, by the Editorial Board (July 7, 2013)
• Washington Post: Snowden made the right call when he fled the U.S., by Daniel Ellsberg (July 7, 2013)
• Der Spiegel: Deutschland und der Überwachungsskandal: Wir Untertanen, by Jakob Augstein (July 8, 2013)
• The Atlantic: The British Are Coming—and They've Brought Newspapers, by Nicky Woolf (July 5, 2013)
• The Guardian: Edward Snowden is a whistleblower, not a spy – but do our leaders care?, by Spencer Ackerman (July 5, 2013)
• The Guardian: Oliver Stone defends Edward Snowden over NSA revelations, by Xan Brooks (July 5, 2013)
• Washington Post: We can handle the truth on NSA spying, by Eugene Robinson (July 4, 2013)
• Washington Post: Suspicion of manhunt follows Snowden case, by Greg Miller (July 4, 2013)
• New York Times: Listening In on Europe, by the editorial board (July 2, 2013)
• Time: NSA Scandal: As Tech Giants Fight Back, Phone Firms Stay Mum, by Sam Gustin (July 3, 2013)
• Foreign Policy: Gentlemen, Calm Yourselves, by Denis MacShane (July 2, 2013)
• Washington Post: Snowden is undermining his cause in the United States, by Dana Milbank (July 2, 2013)
• Boston Globe: Ham-handed handling of snooping, by Scot Lehigh (July 3, 2013)
• Süddeutsche Zeitung: Flüchtling Snowden - Symbol des Widerstands, by Heribert Prantl (July 3, 2013)
• Salon: Meet the “Journalists Against Journalism” club!, by David Sirota (July 2, 2013)
• The Guardian: America's founders would be horrified at this United States of Surveillance, by Dan Gillmor (July 2, 2013)
• The Guardian: The cyber-intelligence complex and its useful idiots, by Barrett Brown (July 1, 2013)
• Washington Post: The danger of what Edward Snowden has not revealed, by Marc A. Thiessen (July 1, 2013)
• Washington Post: Plugging the leaks in the Edward Snowden case, by the Editorial Board (July 1, 2013)
• Washington Post: Misinformation on classified NSA programs includes statements by senior U.S. officials, by Greg Miller (June 30, 2013)
• Ars Technica: How a 30-year-old lawyer exposed NSA mass surveillance of Americans—in 1975, by Nate Anderson (June 30, 2013)

Project SHAMROCK allowed the NSA to intercept telegrams sent by US citizens.

• Der Spiegel: NSA-Spähprogramm in Deutschland: Dame, König, As, Spion, by Veit Medick (June 30, 2013)
• New York Times: Germans Loved Obama. Now We Don’t Trust Him, by Malte Spitz (June 29, 2013)
• The Rolling Stone: Hey, MSM: All Journalism is Advocacy Journalism, by Matt Taibbi (June 27, 2013)
• Washington Post: Fallout from Snowden’s sharing of NSA secrets, by David Ignatius (June 26, 2013)
• The Fiscal Times: What’s at Stake in the 21st Century Cold War, by David Francis (June 25, 2013)
• CNN: Why Ecuador might shelter Snowden, by Steve Striffler (June 25, 2013)

Steve Striffler holds the Doris Zemurray Stone Chair in Latin American Studies and is a professor of anthropology and geography at the University of New Orleans.

• The New York Times blog: Why Snowden Asked Visitors in Hong Kong to Refrigerate Their Phones, by Heather Murphy (June 25, 2013)
• The Washington Post: Through Snowden, Ecuador seeks fight with U.S., by Juan Forero (June 24, 2013)
• The Washington Post: U.S. worried about security of files Snowden is thought to have, by Ellen Nakashima and Greg Miller (June 24, 2013)
• The New York Times: The Other Snowden Drama: Impugning the Messenger, by David Carr (June 24, 2013)
• The Nation blog: Glenn Greenwald Is 'Aiding and Abetting' Democracy, by John Nichols (June 24, 2013)
• Skating on Stilts blog: What the Prism Stories Tell Us About the Press, by Stewart Baker (June 23, 2013)
• The Washington Post: On NSA disclosures, has Glenn Greenwald become something other than a reporter?, by Paul Farhi (June 23, 2013)
• Washington Post: NSA surveillance may be legal — but it’s unconstitutional, by Laura K. Donohue (June 23, 2013)

Laura K. Donohue is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center and director of Georgetown’s Center on National Security and the Law.

• New York Times: Privacy and the Threat to the Self, by Michael P. Lynch (June 22, 2013)

Michael P. Lynch is a professor of philosophy at the University of Connecticut and the author of "In Praise of Reason", ISBN 978-0262017220, and "Truth as One and Many," ISBN 978-0199596300. He is at work on a new book, "Prisoners of Babel: Knowledge in the Datasphere."

• Skating on Stilts blog: But Enough About You ..., by Stewart Baker (June 20, 2013)
• Washington Post: Congress should hang up the NSA phone tracking, by Eugene Robinson (June 20, 2013)
• Washington Post: The NSA state of secrecy must end, by Katrina vanden Heuvel (June 18, 2013)
• Washington Post: Congress has become a rubber stamp for the NSA, by Dana Milbank (June 18, 2013)
• The Guardian: Investigate Booz Allen Hamilton, not Edward Snowden, by Pratap Chatterjee (June 14, 2013)
• Washington Post: The left turns compliant on violating civil liberties, by Dana Milbank (June 14, 2013)
• mediamatters4america: FOX's Hannity: Then and Now on NSA programs (June 12, 2013)
• The Washington Post: Edward Snowden’s grandiosity, by Matt Miller (June 11, 2013)
• The Washington Post: Edward Snowden’s NSA leaks show we need a debate, by Eugene Robinson (June 10, 2013)
• The Washington Post: Edward Snowden’s NSA leaks are backlash of too much secrecy, by Dana Milbank (June 10, 2013)
• The New York Times blog: The Stickers on Edward Snowden’s Laptop, by John Schwartz (June 10, 2013)
• The New Yorker blog: Edward Snowden Is No Hero , by Jeffrey Toobin (June 10, 2013)
• The New York Times blog: David Simon, Creator of ‘The Wire,’ Debates N.S.A. Surveillance With Readers of His Blog, by Robert Mackey (June 7, 2013)
• Via Meadia: Public Peace, Secret War: The Snooping Scandals and The President’s War Strategy, by Walter Russell Mead (June 6, 2013)
• The Atlantic: Government Surveillance Only Hurts When it Hits Home, by Wendy Kaminer (Mar 29, 2012)

Books

• Big Data, by Viktor Mayer-Schönberger and Kenneth Cukier, ISBN 978-0544002692. Reviews:
  • New York Times: Watched by the Web: Surveillance Is Reborn, by Michiko Kakutani (June 10, 2013)
• Who Owns The Future?, by Jaron Lanier (May 7, 2013), ISBN 978-1451654967. Reviews:
  • New York Times: Fighting Words Against Big Data, by Janet Maslin (May 5, 2013)
• The Dispensable Nation: American Foreign Policy in Retreat, by Vali Nasr (Apr 16, 2013), ISBN 978-0385536479. Reviews:
  • New York Times: Superpower, Leading From Behind: ‘The Dispensable Nation,’ by Vali Nasr, by Michiko Kakutani (Apr 18, 2013)
  • New York Times: Former Adviser Criticizes Obama on Afghan War, by Michael R. Gordon (Mar 3, 2013)
  • New York Times: Beltway Foreign Policy, by Roger Cohen (Feb 18, 2013)
• Dirty Wars: The World Is A Battlefield, by Jeremy Scahill (2013), ISBN 978-1568586717
• The Signal And The Noise, by Nate Silver (Sep 27, 2013), ISBN 978-1594204111. Reviews:
  • New York Times: Known Unknowns, by Noam Schreiber (Nov 2, 2013)
• Kill or Capture, by Daniel Klaidman (June 5, 2012), ISBN 978-0547547893. Reviews:
  • New Yorker Blog: Kill Or Capture, by Steve Coll (Aug 2, 2013)
  • The Federalist Society Blog: Book Review: Kill or Capture: The War on Terror and the Soul of the Obama Presidency, by Matthew Heiman (Feb 13, 2013)
  • Washington Post: Book review: Daniel Klaidman’s ‘Kill or Capture’ and David Sanger’s ‘Confront and Conceal’, by Dina Temple-Raston, (June 15, 2012)
• Confront and Conceal, by David E. Sanger (2012), ISBN 978-0307718020. Review:
  • Lawfare Blog: Book Review: Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power by David E. Sanger, by Amy Sennett (Sept 30, 2012). This is also a review of Kill or Capture: The War on Terror and the Soul of the Obama Presidency, by Daniel Klaidman, ISBN 978-0547547893 (2012)
• Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army, by Jeremy Scahill, ISBN 978-1560259794
• Free for All: Defending Liberty in America Today, by Wendy Kaminer (2002), ISBN 978-0807044117

Articles

• Stone, Marjorie. On the Post Office Espionage Scandal, 1844. BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History. Ed. Dino Franco Felluga. Extension of Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net.
• Lawson, Kate. Personal Privacy, Letter Mail, and the Post Office Espionage Scandal, 1844. BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History. Ed. Dino Franco Felluga. Extension of Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net.